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Battle of the Persian Border
The Battle of the Persian Border was the second encounter between the forces of Media and Persia. Though not a decisive victory for Persia, it signaled the diminishing power of Media in Southwest Asia. It was the first battle Cambyses I had fought in, and the first which he had fought with his son, Cyrus the Great. The first major battle, which lasted two days, was an attempt to bring freedom to Persia. It also prompted the Persians to retire south, and fight a third battle.
It was narrated by Nicolaus of Damascus, and among others who also mentioned the Battle of Hyrba, but Herodotus does not mention this battle.〔Ctesias (Persica)〕 Most historians on the battle consider Herodotus to be mentioning only the first and last battles in the war, which is partly based on the description of his two battles.〔(M. A. Dandamaev, ''A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire'', tr. W. J. Vogelsang, (1989) ) p. 17〕 At the border this became the first major battle between the two powers.〔Fragments of Nicolaus of Damascus〕 Cyrus managed to escape the enemy without retreating, thus ending the battle and prolonging the struggle without a complete victory for Astyages, the king of the Medes. The next battle became the last stand for the Persians; as their very existence relied on the outcome of the war, which had to be won.
==Background==
Cyrus had retired to the border of the Median province to protect the Persian border against Astyages.〔Fischer, W.B., Ilya Gershevitch, and Ehsan Yarshster, ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Cambridge University Press (1993) p. 147. In 1 volume〕 After the Battle of Hyrba Astyages invaded Persia.〔Chisholm, Hugh, ''The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information'', Cambridge, England; New York: At the University Press, (1910) p.208〕 The battle that was to come was composed of cavalry from both sides, and chariots that in most part were used for the battle, for they were never used again.〔Laymon, Charles M., ''The Interpreter's One Volume Commentary on the Bible: Introduction and Commentary'', Abingdon Press, (1971) p.440. In 1 volume〕 A small part of the invasion force from the Medes participated in the battle, while the Persians spent all their cavalry from their reserves.〔Laymon, Charles M., ''The Interpreter's One Volume Commentary on the Bible: Introduction and Commentary'', Abingdon Press, (1971) p.441. In 1 volume〕 Astyages had tried to persuade Cyrus to surrender but he now preferred to show no mercy even though he had better relations with Atradates (the variant name of Herodotus' Mitradates, which Nicolaus mistakenly uses for Cambyses, the father of Cyrus). The name of the city Cyrus and his father were protecting was not given.〔Laymon, Charles M., ''The Interpreter's One Volume Commentary on the Bible: Introduction and Commentary'', Abingdon Press, (1971) p.442. In 1 volume〕 Nevertheless, the city was an important frontier town worth the protection.〔Clare, Israel Smith. ''The unrivaled history of the world, containing a full and complete record of the human race from the earliest historical period to the present time, embracing a general survey of the progress of mankind in national and social life, civil government, religion, literature, science and art''... Chicago, The Werner Co., (1893) p.244. In 4 editions〕 When Astyages came within reach of the city, Persian civilians were ready to evacuate if necessary.〔Duncker, Max, ''The History of Antiquity'', tr. Evelyn Abbott, p. 350. London, Richard Bentley
* Son (1881) p. 350〕 Meanwhile, Cyrus and Cambyses assembled the army, but it is not exactly known whether Oebares (who helped Cyrus to the throne) or Harpagus participated on the side of Cyrus in the battle, it is known that the original Oebares was an advisor to Cyrus.〔Fischer, W.B., Ilya Gershevitch, and Ehsan Yarshster, ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Cambridge University Press (1993) p. 149. In 1 volume〕 So Nicolaus, as he is known to change names around, may most likely be saying Harpagus was in the battle, as he was historically Cyrus's second in command and the only other choice available, but in this battle it seems Oebares was on Cyrus' side. Then it could also be said as Herodotus mentions, Harpagus was the most likely candidate that was in this battle that occurred about a year after the first battle. Therefore, as battle began, Astyages had his special troops positioned to attack at the rear.
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